The impact of excreta disposal into

As a result, Venice developed one of the first sewer systems to be implemented in the world; the unique, gravity-driven system of underground channels and waste water drainage is called a fognatura.

Urban Renewal in Beijing, Observation and Analysis Chapter 6 Essential Factors for the Provision of Sanitation Systems in Coastal Communities This chapter identifies the essential considerations for the provision of sanitation technologies in the context of the coastal communities of Puerto Princesa.

These considerations are the basis of the preliminary evaluation of low-cost sanitation systems. This evaluation identifies possible options for the case study and discusses the potential and limitations of these systems.

Included in the evaluation are the generic classification of The impact of excreta disposal into technologies provided in the World Bank studies on appropriate technology for sanitation. Expensive systems such as the chemical, freeze, packaging and incinerating toilets and the waterborne sewerage are not included in the comparative analysis.

These considerations, as summarized in Table 6. Site Specific Environmental Factors In this thesis, the environmental factors are the key determinants for differentiating coastal communities from other types of communities. These factors, which include the condition of surface water and soil conditions of the coastal areas, have a direct bearing on the options for sanitary means of disposing of human waste for the community.

2 Effluent (wastewater) disposal system

Surface Water Condition The condition of Puerto Princesa bay determines the acceptability of the practice of directly disposing human waste into the water without treatment.

As repeatedly mentioned in this thesis, this practice is acceptable if the following conditions are satisfied: In the context of the Puerto Princesa Bay, the first requirement is not a problem since the water of the bay is saline and is not consumed as drinking water.

The water quality of Puerto Princesa Bay, based on the water test conducted by the National Pollution Control Commission in March 11,revealed that the overall water quality of the bay is still excellent.

During the survey, the observed continued practice of disposing of human waste, wastewater and garbage along the coasts of the bay indicates an alarming pollution problem.

As the community grows, this traditional habit, which used to be hygienically acceptable and satisfactory, increases pollution problems. With the second and third conditions, the practice of direct disposal of human waste in the water regions is not as critical as that in the transition zones.

In houses built above the deeper waters, waste is always deposited into the water and not on the land, and there is enough current for dilution. The problems are more critical in the transition areas where solid wastes, which are non-biodegradable, have accumulated. Compounding this problem is the extensive usage of water for domestic and personal washing which is disposed of directly into the ground and surface water.

The accumulated solid wastes block the natural flow of the water thereby creating pools of stagnant waters and impeding natural flushing of other biodegradable wastes.

Thus, in these areas, excreta is exposed in the environment. Ground Condition For parts of the community located within the elevated and transition zones, the ground condition is an important consideration in the provision of sanitation systems.

The topography of the site of the coastal slums is moderately sloping or rolling. Thus, even on the elevated areas, internal drainage or the ability of soil to absorb water is generally low since the water table is very shallow. The clay soil is deep, poorly to very poorly drained, fine and loamy in texture.

The disposal of human waste into the ground presents a potential hazard to the health of the community. As discussed in the previous chapter, people consume water from the well for drinking. The location of the well is fairly close to the toilets of the nearby households.billion people in the world lack adequate sanitation—the safe disposal of human excreta.

Lack of sanitation contributes to about 10% of the global disease burden, causing mainly diarrhoeal diseases. In the past, government agencies have typically built sanitation infrastructure, but sanitation.

Planning for excreta disposal in emergencies 1 The pressure to help people immediately after a disaster often leads to actions starting before they have been properly. The search for studies for excreta disposal interventions resulted in few studies with study designs that met our inclusion criteria, and some studies had other interventions including water supply interventions or multiple interventions evaluated together, hence the impact of excreta disposal alone could not be ascertained [58 – 63].

Excreta disposal in emergencies: a field manual This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author. Citation: HARVEY, P., Excreta disposal in emergencies: a field manual. Loughborough: WEDC, Loughborough University.

Additional Information: This record is made up of 17 files. Every day a huge amount of excreta is being produced by human society and it is also considered one of the most unwanted waste/refuse of the society because of its nuisance and diseases causing.

Jul 05,  · Develop, periodically review and update the Policy Guidelines on Excreta and Sewage Management. Source for funds for programme development, specialized studies and capacity building on Excreta and Sewage Management.

Support research into culturally acceptable and affordable Excreta and Sewage Management technologies.