Is international migration a blessing or curse

The last days Jews would plant forests of trees.

Battle of Badr Battle positions at Badr The Battle of Badr was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca.

In the spring ofMuhammad received word from his intelligence sources that a trade caravan, commanded by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and guarded by thirty to forty men, was travelling from Syria back to Mecca.

Muhammad gathered an army of men, the largest army the Muslims had put in the field yet. However, many early Muslim sources, including the Quran, indicate that no serious fighting was expected, [23] and the future Caliph Uthman ibn Affan stayed behind to care for his sick wife. As the caravan approached Medina, Abu Sufyan began hearing from travellers and riders about Muhammad's planned ambush.

He sent a messenger named Damdam to Mecca to warn the Quraysh and get reinforcements. Alarmed, the Quraysh assembled an army of —1, men to rescue the caravan. However, some of the army was to later return to Mecca before the battle.

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The battle started with champions from both armies emerging to engage in combat. Two Muslims and an unknown number of Quraysh were killed. Before the battle started, Muhammad had given orders for the Muslims to attack with their ranged weapons, and only engage the Quraysh with melee weapons when they advanced.

The Meccans, although substantially outnumbering the Muslims, promptly broke and ran. The battle itself only lasted a few hours and was over by the early afternoon. Ubaydah ibn al-Harith Obeida was given the honour of "he who shot the first arrow for Islam" as Abu Sufyan ibn Harb altered course to flee the attack.

In retaliation for this attack Abu Sufyan ibn Harb requested an armed force from Mecca. Muhammad marched out to meet the force but before reaching the battle, about one third of the troops under Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy withdrew.

With a smaller force, the Muslim army had to find a strategy to gain the upper hand. A group of archers were ordered to stay on a hill to keep an eye on the Meccan's cavalry forces and to provide protection at the rear of the Muslim's army.

As the battle heated up, the Meccans were forced to somewhat retreat. The battle front was pushed further and further away from the archers, whom, from the start of the battle, had really nothing to do but watch.

In their growing impatience to be part of the battle, and seeing that they were somewhat gaining advantage over the Kafirun Infidels these archers decided to leave their posts to pursue the retreating Meccans.

A small party, however, stayed behind; pleading all along to the rest to not disobey their commanders' orders. But their words were lost among the enthusiastic yodels of their comrades. However, the Meccans' retreat was actually a manufactured manoeuvre that paid off. The hillside position had been a great advantage to the Muslim forces, and they had to be lured off their posts for the Meccans to turn the table over.

Seeing that their strategy had actually worked, the Meccans cavalry forces went around the hill and re-appeared behind the pursuing archers.

Thus, ambushed in the plain between the hill and the front line, the archers were systematically slaughtered, watched upon by their desperate comrades who stayed behind up in the hill, shooting arrows to thwart the raiders, but to little effect.

However, the Meccans did not capitalise on their advantage by invading Medina and returned to Mecca. The Medinans suffered heavy losses, and Muhammad was injured. Battle of the Trench[ edit ] Main article: Because the people of Medina had dug a trench to further protect the city, this event became known as the Battle of the Trench.

After a protracted siege and various skirmishes, the Meccans withdrew again. During the siege, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb had contacted the remaining Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza and formed an agreement with them, to attack the defenders from behind the lines.

It was however discovered by the Muslims and thwarted. This was in breach of the Constitution of Medina and after the Meccan withdrawal, Muhammad immediately marched against the Qurayza and laid siege to their strongholds.

The Jewish forces eventually surrendered.

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Some members of the Banu Aus now interceded on behalf of their old allies and Muhammad agreed to the appointment of one of their chiefs, Sa'd ibn Mua'dhas judge. Sa'ad judged by Jewish Law that all male members of the tribe should be killed and the women and children enslaved as was the law stated in the Old Testament for treason Deutoronomy.

Afterwards, however, despite Muhammad's tribal connection to Mecca and the ongoing importance of the Meccan kaaba for Islamic pilgrimage hajjMuhammad returned to Medina, which remained for some years the most important city of Islam and the capital of the early caliphate.It has been long debated whether migration is a blessing or a curse.

Although the economic benefits of migration have been repeatedly underscored by leading experts, people often consider migration as a threat to their socio-economic and cultural status.

As a follow-up to Tuesday’s post about the majority-minority public schools in Oslo, the following brief account reports the latest statistics on the cultural enrichment of schools in Austria.

Vienna is the most fully enriched location, and seems to be in roughly the same situation as Oslo.

The curse of migration today could be turned into a blessing if Europeans were willing to enter a process of remembering and learning. It is obvious that this is not an easy task and requires a lot of courage. BRAIN-DRAIN OR BRAIN-GAIN: A BLESSING OR A CURSE TO AFRICA? 1 Being an article submitted to Network of Migration Research on Africa (NOMRA) for the maiden News Letter of NOMRA Uploaded by Olumuyiwa L Abejide. JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources.

Many thanks to Hermes for the translation from initiativeblog.com BRAIN-DRAIN OR BRAIN-GAIN: A BLESSING OR A CURSE TO AFRICA? 1 Being an article submitted to Network of Migration Research on Africa (NOMRA) for the maiden News Letter of NOMRA Uploaded by Olumuyiwa L Abejide.

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